Moreno-Pérez, Diego ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-5534, López-Samanes, Álvaro ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0721-0150, Larrosa, Mar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-4686, Larumbe-Zabala, Eneko ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8949-0602, Centeno, Aitor, Roberts, Justin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-2041 and Naclerio, Fernando ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-4894 (2023) Effects of protein–carbohydrate vs. carbohydrate alone supplementation on immune inflammation markers in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319 (Print), 1439-6327 (Online) (doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05168-6)

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Abstract

Purpose The impact of ingesting carbohydrates alone or combined with proteins to support exercise immune adaptation in endurance athletes is scarcely investigated. The present study compares the effect of ingesting a combined protein–carbohydrate supplement vs. a carbohydrate-only supplement post-workout on immune inflammation markers following a 10-week periodized endurance training program in well-trained athletes. Methods Twenty-five men completed the study after being randomly assigned to one of the following intervention groups: combined protein–carbohydrate (PRO-CHO n = 12, 31 ± 9 years, ̇ VO2peak 61.0 ± 5.6 ml. kg−1.min−1) or non-protein isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO, n = 13, 33 ± 8 years, ̇ VO2peak 60.6 ± 6.9 ml. kg−1.min−1). Treatment consisted of ingesting 24 g of assigned supplement, mixed with 250 ml of orange juice, once a day for 10 weeks immediately post-workout (or before breakfast on non-training days). Measurements were conducted pre- and post-intervention on total leukocytes, leukocyte subsets (i.e., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes), and platelets. The inflammatory status was assessed by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the systemic-immune inflammation index (SII). Results Post-intervention, significant increases were observed for CHO group only for the three inflammatory markers: NLR (p = 0.050, d = 0.58), PLR (p = 0.041, d = 0.60), and SII (p = 0.004, d = 0.81) but not for PRO-CHO (p > 0.05). Conclusion Ingesting a post-workout protein–carbohydrate combined beverage promoted a more favourable immune status
than carbohydrate-only ingestion by attenuating cellular inflammation over a 10-week training period in endurance male athletes.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	Trial Registration The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the following ID: NCT02954367. The study was registered by 3 November 2016.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	immunology; exercise; sports nutrition; endurance performance
Subjects:	Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine
Faculty / School / Research Centre / Research Group:	Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences > School of Human Sciences (HUM)
Related URLs:	Publisher
Last Modified:	15 Mar 2024 01:38
URI:	http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/38793

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