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9/11 adaptive behaviour Bayesian regression Brms BS 8414 test BS8414 fire test building regulations bushfire CFD CFD model CFD numerical simulation cladding fire Climate change combustible materials computer simulations construction sites crowd density destination choice door doorway dynamic signage effective width Egress egress analysis egress models egress simulation Emergency emergency exit signage engineering analysis evacuation evacuation drill evacuation modelling Evacuation simulation exit Exit choice fire fire compartments fire hazards Fire investigation fire modelling Fire Safe World Fire safety Fire simulation fire spread fire test fire test standards flow flow rate flowrate Forensics forgetting forgetting curve Globalization green wall green walls Grouping strategy high-rise building human behaviour Human factors knowledge retention large scale fire test Large-scale enclosure fire living wall living walls means of egress mesh sensitivity mode choice modelling movement oscillatory flow behaviour Pedestrian dynamics people Population growth Pre-evacuation recognition phase response phase response phase behaviors Response time response times risk perception safety training SBI fire test Settling velocity Shooting range fire Signage simulation smoke Soot transport model spatial cognition stadium survivors tenability terrorism toxicity travel behaviour unannounced evacuation trial Urbanization validation validation data-set verification wall cladding system Wayfinding wildfire evacuation World Trade Centre
Number of items: 127.

9/11

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

adaptive behaviour

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Bayesian regression

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

Brms

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

BS 8414 test

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2025) CFD simulation of the BS 8414 test for cladding applications. Fire Safety Journal. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104366)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

BS8414 fire test

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

building regulations

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

bushfire

Kuligowski, Erica D. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-4983, Morrison, Rosie, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Atas, Gulsah, Lovreglio, Ruggiero, Roohafza, Fatemeh and Kimball, Amanda (2026) A theoretical framework explaining evacuation travel behaviour in bushfires: a qualitative study of destination and mode choices. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104782. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104782)

CFD

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

CFD model

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

CFD numerical simulation

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2025) CFD simulation of the BS 8414 test for cladding applications. Fire Safety Journal. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104366)

cladding fire

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

Climate change

McNamee, Margaret, Meacham, Brian, van Hees, Patrick, Bisby, Luke, Chow, W.K., Coppalle, Alexis, Dobashi, Ritsu, Dlugogorski, Bogdan, Fahy, Rita, Fleischmann, Charles, Floyd, Jason, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Gollner, Michael, Hakkarainen, Tuula, Hamins, Anthony, Hu, Longhua, Johnson, Peter, Karlsson, Björn, Merci, Bart, Ohmiya, Yoshifuni, Rein, Guillermo, Trouvé, Arnaud, Wang, Yi and Weckman, Beth (2019) IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world. Fire Safety Journal, 110:102889. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102889)

combustible materials

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

computer simulations

Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Sauter, M., Deere, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2011) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behavior - A Turkish data-set. Fire Safety Journal, 10. pp. 709-722. (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-709)

construction sites

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

crowd

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

density

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

destination choice

Kuligowski, Erica D. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-4983, Morrison, Rosie, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Atas, Gulsah, Lovreglio, Ruggiero, Roohafza, Fatemeh and Kimball, Amanda (2026) A theoretical framework explaining evacuation travel behaviour in bushfires: a qualitative study of destination and mode choices. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104782. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104782)

door

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

doorway

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

dynamic signage

Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2021) Exploring the potential effectiveness of dynamic and static emergency exit signage in complex spaces through simulation. Fire Safety Journal, 125:103404. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103404)

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

effective width

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

Egress

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

egress analysis

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

egress models

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

egress simulation

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

Emergency

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

emergency exit signage

Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2021) Exploring the potential effectiveness of dynamic and static emergency exit signage in complex spaces through simulation. Fire Safety Journal, 125:103404. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103404)

engineering analysis

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

evacuation

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2021) Exploring the potential effectiveness of dynamic and static emergency exit signage in complex spaces through simulation. Fire Safety Journal, 125:103404. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103404)

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

evacuation drill

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

evacuation modelling

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

Evacuation simulation

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

exit

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

Exit choice

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

fire

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

fire compartments

Kerrison, L., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1998) A two-dimensional numerical investigation of the oscillatory flow behaviour in rectangular fire compartments with a single horizontal ceiling vent. Fire Safety Journal, 30 (4). pp. 357-382. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(97)00042-8)

fire hazards

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Fire investigation

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

fire modelling

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

Fire Safe World

McNamee, Margaret, Meacham, Brian, van Hees, Patrick, Bisby, Luke, Chow, W.K., Coppalle, Alexis, Dobashi, Ritsu, Dlugogorski, Bogdan, Fahy, Rita, Fleischmann, Charles, Floyd, Jason, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Gollner, Michael, Hakkarainen, Tuula, Hamins, Anthony, Hu, Longhua, Johnson, Peter, Karlsson, Björn, Merci, Bart, Ohmiya, Yoshifuni, Rein, Guillermo, Trouvé, Arnaud, Wang, Yi and Weckman, Beth (2019) IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world. Fire Safety Journal, 110:102889. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102889)

Fire safety

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

Fire simulation

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

fire spread

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2025) CFD simulation of the BS 8414 test for cladding applications. Fire Safety Journal. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104366)

fire test

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

fire test standards

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

flow

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

flow rate

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

flowrate

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

Forensics

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

forgetting

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

forgetting curve

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

Globalization

McNamee, Margaret, Meacham, Brian, van Hees, Patrick, Bisby, Luke, Chow, W.K., Coppalle, Alexis, Dobashi, Ritsu, Dlugogorski, Bogdan, Fahy, Rita, Fleischmann, Charles, Floyd, Jason, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Gollner, Michael, Hakkarainen, Tuula, Hamins, Anthony, Hu, Longhua, Johnson, Peter, Karlsson, Björn, Merci, Bart, Ohmiya, Yoshifuni, Rein, Guillermo, Trouvé, Arnaud, Wang, Yi and Weckman, Beth (2019) IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world. Fire Safety Journal, 110:102889. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102889)

green wall

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

green walls

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

Grouping strategy

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

high-rise building

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

human behaviour

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

Human factors

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

knowledge retention

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

large scale fire test

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

Large-scale enclosure fire

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

living wall

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

living walls

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

means of egress

Gwynne, S.M.V. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Kuligowski, E.D., Kratchman, J. and Milke, J.A. (2008) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Safety Journal, 44 (1). pp. 80-87. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.010)

mesh sensitivity

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

mode choice

Kuligowski, Erica D. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-4983, Morrison, Rosie, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Atas, Gulsah, Lovreglio, Ruggiero, Roohafza, Fatemeh and Kimball, Amanda (2026) A theoretical framework explaining evacuation travel behaviour in bushfires: a qualitative study of destination and mode choices. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104782. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104782)

modelling

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

movement

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

oscillatory flow behaviour

Kerrison, L., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1998) A two-dimensional numerical investigation of the oscillatory flow behaviour in rectangular fire compartments with a single horizontal ceiling vent. Fire Safety Journal, 30 (4). pp. 357-382. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(97)00042-8)

Pedestrian dynamics

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

people

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

Population growth

McNamee, Margaret, Meacham, Brian, van Hees, Patrick, Bisby, Luke, Chow, W.K., Coppalle, Alexis, Dobashi, Ritsu, Dlugogorski, Bogdan, Fahy, Rita, Fleischmann, Charles, Floyd, Jason, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Gollner, Michael, Hakkarainen, Tuula, Hamins, Anthony, Hu, Longhua, Johnson, Peter, Karlsson, Björn, Merci, Bart, Ohmiya, Yoshifuni, Rein, Guillermo, Trouvé, Arnaud, Wang, Yi and Weckman, Beth (2019) IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world. Fire Safety Journal, 110:102889. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102889)

Pre-evacuation

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

recognition phase

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

response phase

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

response phase behaviors

Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Sauter, M., Deere, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2011) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behavior - A Turkish data-set. Fire Safety Journal, 10. pp. 709-722. (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-709)

Response time

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

response times

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

risk perception

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

safety training

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

SBI fire test

Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) A CFD fire simulation model for external living walls. Fire Safety Journal, 161:104664. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104664)

Settling velocity

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

Shooting range fire

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

Signage

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

simulation

Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2021) Exploring the potential effectiveness of dynamic and static emergency exit signage in complex spaces through simulation. Fire Safety Journal, 125:103404. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103404)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

smoke

Gwynne, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2001) Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (4). pp. 327-357. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6)

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359, Corbetta, Alessandro, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Kinateder, Max ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3900, Kuligowski, Erica, McGrath, Denise, Pel, Adam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-5779, Shiban, Youssef ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-0901, Thompson, Peter and Toschi, Federico (2019) New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications. Fire Safety Journal, 106. pp. 197-209. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

Soot transport model

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

spatial cognition

Menzemer, Leo Willem ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-1520, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 and Ronchi, Enrico ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6359 (2026) Memory retention of spatial knowledge in fire evacuation and safety training. Fire Safety Journal, 163:104799. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104799)

stadium

Larsson, Anna, Ranudd, Elin, Ronchi, Enrico, Hunt MBE, Aoife ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8779 and Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897 (2020) The impact of crowd composition on egress performance. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103040. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103040)

survivors

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

tenability

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

terrorism

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

toxicity

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2026) Predicting toxic species generation resulting from external cladding fires. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104693. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104693)

travel behaviour

Kuligowski, Erica D. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-4983, Morrison, Rosie, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Atas, Gulsah, Lovreglio, Ruggiero, Roohafza, Fatemeh and Kimball, Amanda (2026) A theoretical framework explaining evacuation travel behaviour in bushfires: a qualitative study of destination and mode choices. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104782. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104782)

unannounced evacuation trial

Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Sauter, M., Deere, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014 and Filippidis, L. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2011) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behavior - A Turkish data-set. Fire Safety Journal, 10. pp. 709-722. (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-709)

Urbanization

McNamee, Margaret, Meacham, Brian, van Hees, Patrick, Bisby, Luke, Chow, W.K., Coppalle, Alexis, Dobashi, Ritsu, Dlugogorski, Bogdan, Fahy, Rita, Fleischmann, Charles, Floyd, Jason, Galea, Edwin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Gollner, Michael, Hakkarainen, Tuula, Hamins, Anthony, Hu, Longhua, Johnson, Peter, Karlsson, Björn, Merci, Bart, Ohmiya, Yoshifuni, Rein, Guillermo, Trouvé, Arnaud, Wang, Yi and Weckman, Beth (2019) IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world. Fire Safety Journal, 110:102889. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102889)

validation

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

validation data-set

Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Hui, Xie ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2020) An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites. Fire Safety Journal, 120:103118. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118)

verification

Wang, Z. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

wall cladding system

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2025) CFD simulation of the BS 8414 test for cladding applications. Fire Safety Journal. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104366)

Wayfinding

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Xie, Hui ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-2168, Deere, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-2014, Cooney, David ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-0315 and Filippidis, Lazaros ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-0042 (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 908-917. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022)

wildfire evacuation

Kuligowski, Erica D. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-4983, Morrison, Rosie, Gwynne, Steve ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-3897, Atas, Gulsah, Lovreglio, Ruggiero, Roohafza, Fatemeh and Kimball, Amanda (2026) A theoretical framework explaining evacuation travel behaviour in bushfires: a qualitative study of destination and mode choices. Fire Safety Journal, 162:104782. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104782)

World Trade Centre

McConnell, N.C., Boyce, K.E., Shields, J., Galea, E.R. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Day, R.C. and Hulse, L.M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3520 (2009) The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1. Fire Safety Journal, 45 (1). pp. 21-34. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.09.001)

This list was generated on Fri May 8 08:17:17 2026 UTC.