Hunter, Ben, Karsten, Bettina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-9472, Burnley, Mark, Greenhalgh, Andrew and Muniz Pumares, Daniel (2026) Movement dynamics of treadmill running within the different exercise intensity domains in male runners. European Journal of Sport Science:e70236. ISSN 1746-1391 (doi:10.1002/ejsc.70236)

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Abstract

The aetiology of fatigue differs between exercise intensity domains, but limited research has explored non‐linear gait dynamics
across them. To address this, this study aimed to investigate movement variability and stability in moderate, heavy, and severe
intensity domains, and to examine how these dynamics evolve over time. Twenty‐one male runners performed treadmill trials at
speeds corresponding to these domains, with lower limb joint angles and centre of mass displacement recorded using 3D motion
analysis and analysed at the start, middle, and end of each trial. Non‐linear dynamics of joint angles and centre of mass
displacement including local dynamic stability, dimensionality, and variability were assessed using Lyapunov exponent (LyE),
correlation dimension (CoD), and MeanSD, respectively. Repeated‐measures ANOVAs revealed a significant effect of intensity
across most parameters, including CoD and LyE at the ankle, knee, and hip (all p < 0.05), as well as MeanSD at the hip
(p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant effect of intensity was observed in 6 out of the 9 parameters measured at the centre of
mass. Effects of time were sparse, with interaction effects largely confined to centre of mass variability. Post hoc analyses
indicated that higher intensity domains were associated with reduced local dynamic stability, lower dimensionality, and
increased variability at some sites. Changes over time were not exclusive to the severe intensity domain, suggesting that
metabolic stress does not play an exclusive role in regulating movement dynamics during running. Collectively, these findings
suggest that between‐domain differences in gait dynamics were more consistent with speed‐related task constraints than with
cumulative fatigue or metabolic stress alone.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	correlation dimension, endurance running, gait variability, local dynamic stability, lyapunov exponent, non‐linear dynamics
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General) Q Science > QM Human anatomy Q Science > QP Physiology
Faculty / School / Research Centre / Research Group:	Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences > Institute for Lifecourse Development Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences > Institute for Lifecourse Development > Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation
Related URLs:	https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/spo...
Last Modified:	19 Aug 2026 13:15
URI:	https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/54029

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