Xiang, Kang, Qin, Ling, Huang, Shi, Song, Hongyuan, Bazhenov, Vasilii, Bellucci, Valerio, Birnšteinová, Sarlota, de Wijn, Raphael, Koliyadu, Jayanath C. P., Koua, Faisal H. M., Round, Adam, Round, Ekaterina, Sarma, Abhisakh, Sato, Tokushi, Sikorski, Marcin, Zhang, Yuhe, Asimakopoulou, Eleni Myrto, Villanueva-Perez, Pablo, Porfyrakis, Kyriakos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-0261, Tzanakis, Iakovos, Eskin, Dmitry G., Grobert, Nicole, Mancuso, Adrian P., Bean, Richard, Vagovič, Patrik and Mi, Jiawei (2025) Ultrasonic cavitation shock wave exfoliation dynamics of 2D materials revealed in situ by MHz XFEL imaging and multiphysics modeling. Science Advances, 11 (48):eady9558. ISSN 2375-2548 (Online) (doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady9558)

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Abstract

Using megahertz x-ray free electron laser imaging with x-ray pulses of ~25 femtoseconds and a machine-learning strategy, we have conducted comprehensive in situ imaging studies on the dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds in ultrasound fields at the SPB/SFX beamline of the European XFEL. The research unambiguously revealed the quasi-simultaneous implosion of multiple bubbles and simultaneous collapse of bubble cloud in nanosecond scale and their dynamic impacts onto two-dimensional (2D) materials for layer exfoliation. We have also performed multiphysics modeling to simulate the shock wave emission, propagation, impact, and stresses produced. We elucidated the critical conditions for producing instant or fatigue exfoliation and the effects of bonding strengths and structural defects on the exfoliation rate. The discoveries have filled the long-standing missing knowledge gaps in the underlying physics of exfoliating 2D materials in ultrasound fields, providing a solid theoretical foundation for optimizing and scaling-up operation to produce 2D materials in a much more cost-effective and sustainable way.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	We acknowledge the EuXFEL in Schenefeld, Germany, for provision of the x-ray free-electron laser beamtime (proposal no. 3100, the first user experiment was conducted between 15 to 18 September 2022), and the staff at the SPB/SFX SASE1 instrument for technical assistance. P.V. would like to acknowledge the technical support of T. Dietze.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Ultrasonic cavitation, shock wave exfoliation dynamics, MHz XFEL imaging, multiphysics modeling
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General) T Technology > T Technology (General)
Faculty / School / Research Centre / Research Group:	Faculty of Engineering & Science Faculty of Engineering & Science > School of Engineering (ENG)
Last Modified:	08 Apr 2026 15:31
URI:	https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/52812

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