Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

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Abstract

Unravelling the complex processes governing battery degradation is critical to the energy transition, yet the efficacy of operando characterisation is severely constrained by a lack of Reliability, Representativeness, and Reproducibility (the 3Rs). Current methods rely on bespoke hardware and passive, pre-programmed methodologies that are ill-equipped to capture stochastic failure events. Here, using the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's multi-modal toolkit as a case study, we expose the systemic inability of conventional experiments to capture transient phenomena like dendrite initiation. To address this, we propose Heuristic Operando experiments: a framework where an AI pilot leverages physics-based digital twins to actively steer the beamline to predict and deterministically capture these rare events. Distinct from uncertainty-driven active learning, this proactive search anticipates failure precursors, redefining experimental efficiency via an entropy-based metric that prioritises scientific insight per photon, neutron, or muon. By focusing measurements only on mechanistically decisive moments, this framework simultaneously mitigates beam damage and drastically reduces data redundancy. When integrated with FAIR data principles, this approach serves as a blueprint for the trusted autonomous battery laboratories of the future.

Item Type:	Working Paper
Uncontrolled Keywords:	autonomous experimentation, operando characterisation, battery degradation, scientific AI, physics,. informed machine learning
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General) Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science T Technology > T Technology (General)
Faculty / School / Research Centre / Research Group:	Faculty of Engineering & Science Faculty of Engineering & Science > School of Computing & Mathematical Sciences (CMS)
Last Modified:	14 Jan 2026 16:41
URI:	https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/52270

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