Morton, Justin A, Kaur, Amanpreet, Khavari, Mohammad, Tyurnina, Anastasia V, Priyadarshi, Abhinav, Eskin, Dmitry G, Mi, Jiawei, Porfyrakis, Kyriakos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-0261, Prentice, Paul and Tzanakis, Iakovos (2022) An eco-friendly solution for liquid phase exfoliation of graphite under optimised ultrasonication conditions. Carbon, 204. pp. 434-446. ISSN 0008-6223 (doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.070)

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Abstract

Ultrasonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation (ULPE) is a promising method for the large scale production of 2D materials. Currently, toxic solvents such as N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) are commonly used for the production of graphene. In this paper four solvents; three green solvents (water, ethanol and water/ethanol) plus NMP for comparison, were sonicated and examined in terms of their bubble dynamics and acoustic emissions. Advanced fundamental analysis was conducted using high-speed imaging synchronised with acoustic pressure measurements complemented by shadowgraphic photography of the emitted shockwaves, in order to determine a suitable eco-friendly solvent medium from a cavitation bubbles dynamics perspective. Thereafter, ULPE of graphite in the optimum solvent took place for 2 h under controlled ultrasonication parameters. The produced graphene samples were characterised by employing a series of techniques consisting of Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and Raman spectroscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A mixture of deionised water and ethanol was shown to produce a yield twice that of pure water, comprising of high quality few layer graphene (3–5 Ls) with an average area of ∼1.15 (μm)2 and stability of ∼78% for the duration of six months. This combination is a promising eco-friendly substitute for future commercial manufacturing of graphene.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	ultrasonic exfoliation; graphite; graphene; liquid phase; eco-friendly
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General) Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TP Chemical technology
Faculty / School / Research Centre / Research Group:	Faculty of Engineering & Science Faculty of Engineering & Science > School of Engineering (ENG)
Last Modified:	09 Jan 2023 11:44
URI:	http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/38400

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