Papaioannou, Maria ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-7190, Zachos, Georgios ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-4605, Essop, Ismael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-0306, Mantas, Georgios ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-0417 and Rodrigue, Jonathan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-0955 (2022) Toward a secure and usable user authentication mechanism for mobile passenger ID devices for land/sea border control. IEEE Access, 10. pp. 38832-38849. ISSN 2169-3536 (Online) (doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3164245)