. defence evasion

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

adversarial example transferability

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Adversarial Machine Learning

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Mohammadreza, Mohammadi, Rahdari, Ahmad, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) A random deep feature selection approach to mitigate transferable adversarial attacks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3594253)

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

anomaly detection

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

autoencoders

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

Causative attacks

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

Command and Control (C2)

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Corrupted training sets

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

cyber offense simulation

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

cyber security

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Mohammadreza, Mohammadi, Rahdari, Ahmad, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) A random deep feature selection approach to mitigate transferable adversarial attacks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3594253)

cyber-security

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

Cybersecurity

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

Data poisoning

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

data privacy

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

Differential Privacy

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

distributed cloud computing

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

edge computing

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

federated Learning

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

Federated learning

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Haider, Imran, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) Federated learning under attack: exposing vulnerabilities through data poisoning attacks in computer networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3525554)

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

flow-based network analysis

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

machine learning

Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Mohammadreza, Mohammadi, Rahdari, Ahmad, Taheri, Rahim and Conti, Mauro (2025) A random deep feature selection approach to mitigate transferable adversarial attacks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. ISSN 1932-4537 (Online) (doi:10.1109/TNSM.2025.3594253)

Machine Learning robustness

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

MITRE ATT&CK and MITRE ATLAS

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

ML security evaluation

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Multi-Party Computation

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS)

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Packet-Level Traffic Manipulation

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

post-exploitation techniques

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

privacy-preserving computing

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)

Red Teaming

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

smart grid

Shrestha, Rakesh, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima, Salcines, Alberto, Pampliega, David, Clemente, Raul, Lourdes Sanz, Ana, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378 and Lindgren, Andres (2024) Anomaly detection based on LSTM and autoencoders using federated learning in smart electric grid. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 193:104951. ISSN 0743-7315 (Print), 1096-0848 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2024.104951)

Stealthy Network Communications

Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Golchin, Pegah, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Rigaki, Maria, Valeros, Veronica, Garcia, Sebastian, Conti, Mauro and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) DeepRed: a deep learning-powered command and control framework for multi-stage red teaming against ML-based network intrusion detection systems. In: WOOT '25: Proceedings of the 19th USENIX WOOT Conference on Offensive Technologies. August 11–12, 2025. USENIX The Advanced Computing Systems Association, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 103-127. ISBN 978-1939133502

Trusted Execution Environments

Rahdari, Ahmad, Keshavarz, Elham, Nowroozi, Ehsan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8378, Taheri, Rahim, Hajizadeh, Mehrdad, Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Sinaei, Sima and Bauschert, Thomas (2025) A survey on privacy and security in distributed cloud computing: exploring federated learning and beyond. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. ISSN 2644-125X (Online) (doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034)