. informed machine learning

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

AI for science

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)

autonomous experimentation

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

battery degradation

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

large-scale user facilities

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)

operando characterisation

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

Operational Design Domains (ODD)

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)

physics

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

scientific AI

Lu, Emily, Perez, Gabriel, Baker, Peter, Irving, Daniel, Kumar, Santosh, Celorrio, Veronica, Britto, Sylvia, Headen, Thomas F., Gomez-Gonzalez, Miguel, Wright, Connor, Green, Calum, Young, Robert Scott, Kirichek, Oleg, Mortazavi, Ali, Day, Sarah, Antony, Isabel, Wright, Zoe, Wood, Thomas, Snow, Tim, Thiyagalingam, Jeyan, Quinn, Paul, Jones, Martin Owen, David, William and Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Autonomous battery research: principles of heuristic operando experimentation. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.00851)

sim-to-real transfer

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)

Swiss Nanoscience Institute Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Grant Number: Sinergia CRSII5_202296 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Faraday Institution alloy interlayer | all-solid-state battery | image subtraction method | Li metal | operando XCT | zero-excess lithium anode

Xu, Linfeng, Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673, Kachkanov, Vyacheslav, Zhang, Jinsong, Norbert Wullich, Robin, Fankhauser, Matthias, Löffel, Kaspar, Schmidt, Thomas J. and El Kazzi, Mario (2026) Operando X‐Ray computed tomography reveals the role of interfacial nucleation nanolayers in suppressing mechanical failure in zero‐excess lithium all‐solid‐state batteries. Small:e12284. ISSN 1613-6810 (Print), 1613-6829 (Online) (doi:10.1002/smll.202512284)

taxonomy

Le Houx, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-0673 (2026) Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities. [Working Paper] (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.06978)