Article

Kotzen, Benzion ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-0460, Galea, Edwin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mosco, Shelley, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2023) Fire safety risks of external living walls and implications for regulatory guidance in England. Fire Safety Journal, 139:103816. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103816)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Grandison, Angus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605, Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2021) A coupled computational fluid dynamics and Wells-Riley model to predict COVID-19 infection probability for passengers on long-distance trains. Safety Science, 147:105572. ISSN 0925-7535 (doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105572)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Grandison, Angus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605, Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X and Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2021) Inflight transmission of COVID-19 based on experimental aerosol dispersion data. Journal of Travel Medicine, 28 (4):taab023. ISSN 1195-1982 (Print), 1708-8305 (Online) (doi:10.1093/jtm/taab023)

Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2017) Grouping strategies for MPS soot transport model and its application in large-scale enclosure fires. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 361-370. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.045)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin Richard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Choi, Jun-Ho (2017) A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools. Fire Safety Journal, 91. pp. 892-900. ISSN 0379-7112 (Print), 1873-7226 (Online) (doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029)

Galea, E. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 and Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2017) Numerical investigation of the fatal 1985 Manchester Airport B737 fire. Aeronautical Journal, 121:1237. pp. 287-319. ISSN 0001-9240 (Print), 2059-6464 (Online) (doi:10.1017/aer.2016.122)

Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Lawrence, P.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2016) Fire safety assessment of open wide gangway underground trains in tunnels using coupled fire and evacuation simulation. Fire and Materials, 41 (6). pp. 716-737. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/fam.2413)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Hu, Xiaoqin, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2013) A two-step method for predicting time to flashover in room corner test fires using cone calorimeter data. Fire and Materials, 37 (6). pp. 457-473. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/fam.2139)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2013) Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a post-crash aircraft fire test. Journal of Aircraft, 50 (1). pp. 164-175. ISSN 0021-8669 (Print), 1533-3868 (Online) (doi:10.2514/1.C031845)

Hu, X., Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2012) Numerical investigation of fires in small rail car compartments. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 22 (4). pp. 245-270. ISSN 1042-3915 (Print), 1532-172X (Online) (doi:10.1177/1042391512459640)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2012) Assessing levels of hydrogen cyanide in fire experiments using a generalized correlation. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 22 (3). pp. 227-240. ISSN 1042-3915 (Print), 1532-172X (Online) (doi:10.1177/1042391512450108)

Mahalingam, A., Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Patel, M.K. and Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2011) Numerical investigation of tube furnace toxicity measurement method (ISO 19700). Fire and Materials, 36 (1). pp. 17-30. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/fam.1079)

Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (2010) Predicting toxic gas concentrations at locations remote from the fire source. Fire and Materials, 35 (7). pp. 505-526. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/fam.1069)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2010) A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Fire and Materials, 35 (8). pp. 577-591. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/fam.1076)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, Mayur and Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2007) Predicting HCl concentrations in fire enclosures using an HCl decay model coupled to a CFD-based fire field model. Fire and Materials, 31 (7). pp. 443-461. ISSN 0308-0501 (doi:10.1002/fam.942)

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2007) Predicting toxic gas concentrations resulting from enclosure fires using local equivalence ratio concept linked to fire field models. Fire and Materials, 31 (1). pp. 27-51. ISSN 0308-0501 (doi:10.1002/fam.924)

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, M.K., Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Grandison, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605 and Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2006) CFD fire simulation of the Swissair flight 111 in-flight fire - part II: fire spread analysis. The Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, 110 (1107):3069. pp. 303-314. ISSN 0001-9240

Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, Mayur and Galea, Edwin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2003) Flight simulation. Fire Prevention & Fire Engineers Journal, 2003 (Sept.). pp. 27-29. ISSN 1478-3576

Jiang, H., Gwynne, S., Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Ingason, H. (2003) Predicting the past. Fire Prevention & Fire Engineers Journal, 2003 (August). pp. 18-20. ISSN 1478-3576

Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, M.K. and Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2001) Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model. Fire Safety Journal, 36 (7). pp. 661-677. ISSN 0379-7112 (doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00018-2)

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1999) The numerical simulation of the noncharring pyrolysis process and fire development within a compartment. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 23 (8). pp. 587-607. ISSN 0307-904X (doi:10.1016/S0307-904X(99)00003-7)

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1999) Numerical simulation of the mass loss process in pyrolizing char materials. Fire and Materials, 23 (2). pp. 71-78. ISSN 0308-0501 (Print), 1099-1018 (Online) (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199903/04)23:2<71::AID-FAM672>3.0.CO;2-5)

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1999) The numerical simulation of fire spread within a compartment using an integrated gas and solid phase combustion model. Journal of Applied Fire Science, 8 (4). pp. 327-352. ISSN 1044-4300 (Print), 1541-4183 (Online) (doi:10.2190/UY41-W38Q-X6KK-TXYV)

Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, Mayur (1998) The numerical simulation of enclosure fires using a Cfd fire field model coupled with a pyrolysis based solid fuel combustion submodel—a first approximation. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 9 (4). pp. 1-17. ISSN 1042-3915 (Print), 1532-172X (Online) (doi:10.1177/104239159800900402)

Book Section

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2010) Predicting concentrations of hydrogen cyanide in full scale enclosure fires. Interflam 2010: 12th International Fire Science & Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1769-1774. ISBN 978-0-9541216-6-2 (volume 2) 978-0-9556548-7-9 (set)

Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Patel, Mayur, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Grandison, Angus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605 and Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554 (2010) SMARTFIRE - the fire field modelling environment. In: Pereira, J.C.F., Sequeira, A. and Pereira, J.M.C., (eds.) Proceedings of the V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics ECCOMAS CFD 2010. European Community of Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS), Barcelona, Spain. ISBN 978-989-96778-1-4

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2007) A computational study of the characteristics of aircraft post-crash fires. Proceedings of the 5th Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference, Atlantic City, 29 Oct.-1 Nov. 2007. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington DC.

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, Mayur (2007) Predicting toxic species concentrations in a full-scale vitiated fire. Interflam 2007 11th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interflam, 2 . Interscience Communications Ltd, London, pp. 1047-1058. ISBN 9780954121693

Robinson, J.E., Hull, T.R., Lebek, K., Stec, A.A., Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Mahalingam, Arun, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, Mayur and Persson, H. (2007) Assessment of the impact of computed and measured fire environments on building evacuation using bench and real scale test data. Interflam 2007 11th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications, Greenwich, pp. 873-884. ISBN 9780954121693

Mahalingam, Arun, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, Mayur and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2007) Modelling generation and transport of toxic combustion products in enclosure fires using bench-scale test data. Interflam 2007 11th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications, Greenwich, pp. 1631-1636. ISBN 9780954121693

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Togher, Madeleine, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Lawrence, Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 (2007) Predicting the likely impact of aircraft post crash fire on aircraft evacuation using fire and evacuation simulation. Proceedings of the 5th Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference, Atlantic City, 29 Oct.-1 Nov. 2007. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington DC.

Conference Proceedings

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2013) Exploring the appropriateness of the aviation industry evacuation certification requirements using fire and evacuation simulation. In: Conference Proceedings: Interflam 2013: 13th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1035-1048. ISBN 9780955654893

Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2012) Fire and evacuation simulation of the fatal 1985 Manchester airport B737 fire. In: 5th International Symposium. Human Behaviour in Fire 2012. Symposium Proceedings. Interscience Communications Ltd, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 159-170. ISBN 978-0-9556548-8-6

Hu, Xiaoqin, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, Mayur K. (2011) Simulating smoke transport in large scale enclosure fires using a multi-particle-size model. In: Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium. IAFSS Symposiums (10). International Association for Fire Safety Science, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 445-458. ISSN 1817-4299 (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-445)

Hu, Xiaoqin, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2010) Simulating a rail car fire using flame spread model. In: Interflam 2010: 12th International Fire Science & Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1725-1730. ISBN 9780954121662

Galea, Edwin R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Wang, Zhaozhi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Veeraswamy, Anand, Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Lawrence, Peter J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231 and Ewer, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2008) Coupled fire/evacuation analysis of the Station Nightclub fire. In: Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium. IAFSS Symposiums (9). International Association for Fire Safety Science, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 465-476. ISSN 1817-4299 (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.9-465)

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, M. and Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2004) CFD fire simulation of the Swissair flight 111 in-flight fire. In: Conference Proceedings: Interflam 2004: 10th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications Ltd., Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1195-1206. ISBN 0954121643

Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2004) Predicting hydrogen chloride concentrations in fire enclosures using a deposition model linked to field fire models. In: Conference Proceedings: Interflam 2004: 10th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications Ltd., Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 665-670. ISBN 0954121643

Zhang, Jianwen, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X (2004) A new approach to the simulation of gaseous combustion and its application to several test fire scenarios. In: Conference Proceedings: Interflam 2004: 10th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications Ltd., Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1293-1304. ISBN 0954121643

Jiang, H., Gwynne, S., Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665, Lawrence, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 and Ingason, H. (2003) The use of evacuation simulation, fire simulation and experimental fire data in forensic fire analysis. In: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2003: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. CMS Press, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 341-353. ISBN 1904521088

Wang, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-0554, Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (2001) Applying the local equivalence ratio concept to fire field models. In: Conference Proceedings: Interflam 2001: 9th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference. Interscience Communications Ltd., Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 1409-1414. ISBN 0953231291

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (2000) The numerical simulation of compartment fires using an integrated gas and solid phase combustion model. In: ACME '2000 The 8th Annual Conference of the Association for Computational Mechanics in Engineering. Extended Abstracts. University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 50-53. ISBN 1861661509

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M.K. (1999) The numerical simulation of noncharring thermal degradation and its application to the prediction of compartment fire development. In: Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium. IAFSS Symposiums (6). International Association for Fire Safety Science, Greenwich, London, UK, pp. 953-964. ISBN 0925223255 (doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.6-953)

Conference or Conference Paper

Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Patel, M.K. and Galea, E.R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 (2004) Simulating the Swissair flight 111 in-flight fire using the CFD fire simulation software SMARTFIRE. In: Fourth Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference, 15–19 Nov 2004, Lisbon, Portugal.

Monograph

Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Grandison, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605, Frost, I., Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M. (2013) SMARTFIRE v4.3: SMARTFIRE technical reference manual, user guide and release notes. Manual. University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, UK.

Ewer, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-272X, Jia, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961, Grandison, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-1605, Galea, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-6665 and Patel, M. (2013) SMARTFIRE v4.2: SMARTFIRE technical reference manual, user guide and release notes. Manual. University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, UK.

Thesis

Jia, Fuchen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-7961 (1999) The simulation of fire growth and spread within enclosures using an integrated CFD fire spread model. PhD thesis, University of Greenwich.